What is ‘Revelation’

Apokalypsis, the source of our English word ‘apocalypse’. This term has come to denote a major catastrophic event, and it is true that the book depicts great disasters that have given us concepts such as Armageddon and the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. The derived word ‘apocalyptic’ denotes a genre of literature depicting end-of-the-world scenarios that are often filled with fantastical, colourful imagery of wild things of different kinds involved in various events, including great battles between good and evil.

 

Etymologically, the Greek word apokalypsis is formed from apo (= away from) and kalyptein (= to cover), and means an uncovering, unveiling, disclosure or revelation, usually of something hitherto obscure or hidden. Both the source and the subject of disclosure is Jesus Christ – a person……

 

Revelation promises to do two things: fill our hearts with praise to God, and simultaneously prepare us for God’s inevitable cataclysmic intervention in this world to judge evil righteously at the return of Christ. It will challenge us to think hard about what we are really living for. It will also give us a way of coping with the ongoing problems of evil, pain and death by revealing how God will finally deal with these issues, and so give us a credible hope of ultimate victory.

 

Paul was encouraging the Thessalonian believers to look at the present in the light of the future. That principle, sometimes called the ‘telescope principle’, is one of the keys to applying Revelation at any time in history.

 

--- John C. Lennox, God, AI and the End of History: 

Understanding the Book of Revelation in an Age of Intelligent Machines. 2025.

Imperial Persecution of Christians

After the fall of Jerusalem in AD 70, which Jesus had foretold in his Olivet discourse, the Romans introduced the fiscus Judaicus (Jewish tax), the payment of which lifted the obligation of Jews to sacrifice to Roman gods. The amount was 2 denarii, the same as observant Jews were used to paying for the upkeep of the Temple in Jerusalem. This revenue was devoted to the repair and upkeep of the temple of Capitoline Jupiter in Rome which had been badly damaged by fire. Therefore, the tax was both an insult and an embarrassment to Jews.

 

Suetonius reports that Domitian tightened up fiscal policy in AD 81 by expanding the tax to all Jewish converts and to people who concealed their Jewish origins. Since the Romans tended to regard Christianity as a Jewish sect, Christians also had to pay the tax.

 

In AD 96, Nerva, Domitian’s successor, reformed the administration of the tax and redefined Judaism as a religion. This meant that Judaism was seen as distinct from Christianity and only those practising the former were liable to the tax. This exposed Christians to Roman persecution, which began a few years later and continued until the Edict of Milan in AD 313 gave Christianity the protection of legal status.

 

--- John C. Lennox, God, AI and the End of History: 

Understanding the Book of Revelation in an Age of Intelligent Machines. 2025.

The Mindsets Behind the Three Conversations

These three conversations—which correspond to practical decision-making conversations, emotional conversations, and conversations about identity—are best captured by three questions: What’s This Really About?, How Do We Feel?, and Who Are We? Each of these conversations, as we will see, draws on a different type of mindset and mental processing.

 

When we have a conversation about, say, a choice—a What’s This Really About? conversation—we’re activating different parts of our brains from when we discuss our feelings—the How Do We Feel? discussion—and if our mind doesn’t align with the brains of our conversational partners, we’ll all feel like we didn’t fully understand one another.

 

The first mindset—the decision-making mindset—is associated with the What’s This Really About conversation, and it’s active whenever we’re thinking about practical matters, such as making choices or analyzing plans. When someone says, “What are we going to do about Sam’s grades?,” our brains’ frontal control network, the command center for our thoughts and actions, becomes active. We have to make a series of decisions, often subconsciously, to evaluate the words we heard, but also to consider what motives or desires might be lurking underneath……

 

The second mindset—the emotional mindset—emerges when we discuss How Do We Feel and draws on neural structures—the nucleus accumbens, the amygdala, and the hippocampus, among others—that help shape our beliefs, emotions, and memories.

 

The third conversational mindset—the social mindset—emerges when we discuss our relationships, how we are seen by others and see ourselves, and our social identities. These are Who Are We discussions.

 

 

 

 --- Charles Duhigg, Supercommunicators:

How to Unlock the Secret Language of Connection. 2024.

 

 

New Life

Jesus contrasts feasting with fasting, new patches with old garments, and new wine with old wineskins to reveal that the power of the Gospel is not compatible with old ways of thinking or shaped by worldly assumptions (Luke 5:33–39). It calls for nothing less than renewal—a complete reorientation of how we live and relate to God. Repentance, therefore, is not merely an outward act but an inward change. Jesus calls us to enter the fullness of transformation that only He can bring, casting off every pattern and attitude that no longer reflects His Kingdom.

 

And no one after drinking old wine wants the new, for they say, ‘The old is better.’ (Luke 5:39) 

Luke 5:39 reminds us that spiritual renewal means abandoning what feels safe or comfortable, so that God can pour in something new. In this 120-day journey, we are called to become new wineskins—hearts open to be stretched, reshaped, and filled by the Spirit. 

 

Let His presence renew us, His truth reshape us, and His Spirit fill us until our lives overflow as a living testimony to His transforming power.

 

from: The Turning of Hearts

- Gabrielle K, The Turning of Hearts: 

A 120-Day Transformational Journey through Luke’s Gospel, 2025.

 

 

Language and the Neural Construction of Reality

Our perception of reality is tied not only to the words we know but also to the patterns of activation in our brains, and these patterns vary across people based on individual experiences.

What we perceive as reality is essentially brain activity. Because our perceptions and thoughts are bound by patterns of neural activation, and because different languages activate different neural networks, those who speak multiple languages can cross these mental boundaries in ways that are nothing short of awe-inspiring. What we see or hear is influenced by which neurons are most likely to fire, and which neurons are most likely to fire depends on which prior neurons were activated by recent experiences.

When bilinguals switch languages, their networks of neural activation change as well and, with them, so do their perception and interpretation of reality, allowing them to move across multiple planes of neural co-activation – and hence, arguably, across multiple planes of existence.

--- Viorica Marian, The Power of Language: Multilingualism, Self and Society. 2023.

 

Language-Dependent Memory

The accessibility of memories varies across languages – the Language-Dependent Memory phenomenon – has implications for interviewing bilingual witnesses in legal cases, accessing traumatic memories of events and providing psychotherapy to bilingual clients.

The memories that come to the forefront, in turn, shape how we think about ourselves and the frameworks we use. Languages can even affect how one experiences love and hate. ‘I love you’ feels different in a native versus a non-native language. A native language packs more emotional punch. Which is also why some multilinguals prefer the use of a non-native language when they feel they need some emotional distance.

 

There is now a sizeable body of research under the umbrella of the Foreign Language Effect suggesting that people make more logical and rational decisions in a non-native language in a variety of spheres ranging from moral judgements to financial allocations.

 

--- Viorica Marian, The Power of Language: Multilingualism, Self and Society. 2023.

The Destructive Power of Misinterpretation

Failure to account for the differences between languages can lead to devastating results. In 1945, when Allied leaders met in Germany at the end of the Second World War, Truman, Churchill, Stalin, and Chiang Kai-shek sent the Japanese premier, Kantarō Suzuki, a declaration of surrender terms, asking that Japan surrender unconditionally. The declaration also stated that any negative answer would elicit “prompt and utter destruction.”

When reporters questioned Premier Suzuki about his reaction, he replied with the usual political fallback that he was withholding comment. The Japanese word he used, mokusatsu, derived from the word for silence, can be translated in multiple ways, from “remaining in wise inactivity” to “taking no notice” to “treating with silent contempt.” In a diplomatic failure of epochal proportions, an ill-chosen translation was interpreted in the West as a hostile response. In now-unclassified documents, the National Security Agency writes:

The word has other meanings quite different from that intended by Suzuki. Alas, international news agencies saw fit to tell the world that in the eyes of the Japanese government the ultimatum was ‘not worthy of comment.’ US officials, angered by the tone of Suzuki’s statement … decided on stern measures. Within ten days the decision was made to drop the atomic bomb, the bomb was dropped, and Hiroshima was leveled.

--- Viorica Marian, The Power of Language: Multilingualism, Self and Society. 2023.