Life is Sailing

The pyramid from the sixties told a story that Maslow never meant to tell; a story of achievement, of mastering level by level until you’ve “won” the game of life. But that is most definitely not the spirit of self-actualization that the humanistic psychologists emphasized. The human condition isn’t a competition; it’s an experience. Life isn’t a trek up a summit but a journey to travel through—a vast blue ocean, full of new opportunities for meaning and discovery but also danger and uncertainty. In this choppy surf, a clunky pyramid is of little use. Instead, what is needed is something a bit more functional. We’ll need a sailboat.
 
As we sail through the adventure of life, it’s rarely clear sailing. The boat itself protects us from seas that are rarely as calm as we’d like. Each plank of the boat offers security from the waves. Without it, we’d surely spend all our energy trying to stay above water. While even one plank is better than nothing, the bigger the boat, the more waves you can endure. Likewise in life, while safety is an essential foundation for feeling secure, adding on strong connections with others and feelings of respect and worthiness will further allow you to weather the storms.
Having a secure boat is not enough for real movement, however. You also need a sail. Without a sail, you might be protected from water, but you wouldn’t go anywhere. Each level of the sail allows you to capture more wind, helping you explore and adapt to your environment.
 
Note that you don’t “climb” a sailboat like you’d climb a mountain or a pyramid. Instead, you open your sail, just like you’d drop your defenses once you felt secure enough. This is an ongoing dynamic: you can be open and spontaneous one minute but can feel threatened enough to prepare for the storm by closing yourself to the world the next minute. The more you continually open yourself to the world, however, the further your boat will go and the more you can benefit from the people and opportunities around you. And if you’re truly fortunate, you can even enter ecstatic moments of peak experience—where you are really catching the wind. In these moments, not only have you temporarily forgotten your insecurities, but you are growing so much that you are helping to raise the tide for all the other sailboats simply by making your way through the ocean. In this way, the sailboat isn’t a pinnacle but a whole vehicle, helping us to explore the world and people around us, growing and transcending as we do.
 

- Scott Barry Kaufman, Transcend: The New Science of Self-Actualization, 2020

Learning How to Learn

In essence people have two fundamentally different modes of thinking: focused and diffuse. 
 
Focused Mode
- has tight spacing for the rubber bumpers, which seems to, in some sense help keep your thoughts concentrated. 
- is centered on the prefrontal cortex and it often seems to involve thinking about things you are somewhat familiar with. 
- stepping along the somewhat familiar pathways 
 
Diffuse Mode
- has more widely spaced bumpers that allow for more broad ranging ways of thinking. 
- to solve or figure out something new
 
When we find ourselves stuck on a problem, or even if we're unsure of a situation, the course of living our daily life. It's often a good idea once you've focused directly on the situation. To let things settle back and take a bit more time. That way more neural processing can take place, often below conscious awareness in the diffuse mode. The thing is it often takes time for neural processing to take place, and time, as well, to build the new neural structures that allow us to learn something new. 
 
It's through practice and repetition that we can help enhance and strengthen the neural structures we're building as we're learning something new. Practice and repetition is particularly important for more abstract topics. 

Working Memory vs Long Term Memory

Memory of course is an important aspect of learning. There are four slots in our working memory. Things can fall out of those slots unless we keep repeating them to hold them in mind. In that sense working memory is like a not very good blackboard. 

Long term memory, on the other hand, is like a storage warehouse. If you practiced and repeated something well enough to get it into long-term memory, you can usually call it up later if you need, although you may need an occasional bit of repetition to freshen the memory up. 

It's never a good idea to cram your learning by repeating things many times all in one day. Because that's like trying to build muscle by lifting weights all in one day there's no time for solid structures to grow. 

- Barbara Oakley, Learning How to Learn, by Deep Teaching Solutions.

How Unlearning Can Keep You Relevant

We must regularly look for areas to unlearn, relearn, and breakthrough.

Unlearning is the process of letting go, reframing, and moving away from once-useful mindsets and acquired behaviors that were effective in the past, but now limit success. 

Unlearning is not about forgetting or discarding your knowledge—it’s the conscious act of letting go of outdated information and making space new ideas to inform your decision-making and actions.

Relearning means using that new information to take new, uncomfortable steps that will help you get the breakthroughs you’re looking for. 

I believe that facing these challenging circumstances is when most of our growth happens. But you have to have the humility to recognize when your existing behavior and thinking is stalling your growth—when it’s time to unlearn. 

How to Start Unlearning

The simple answer is to start with yourself—notice the areas where you’re struggling or feeling uncertain in your life or work.

We all know that product features have to be continuously updated and innovated to stay relevant in the market. It’s the same for us humans—we have to update our perceptions, our knowledge, and our behavior to stay relevant in our market. 

Identifying What You Need to Unlearn

We’ve all been going through major changes, the likes of which we’ve never experienced before. Maybe it’s a change in how you personally work, or something as large as your strategy to keep your business alive.

Whatever your situation, if you sense it’s time for self-assessment or you might need to switch it up, ask yourself these questions:

• Where have you not been living up to the expectations you have for yourself or achieving the outcomes you’re aiming for?
• What situations are you struggling with or avoiding?
• Where have you tried everything you can think of to solve a problem, but you’re still not getting the breakthrough you’re looking for?

The answers to these questions can provide important signals for what you need to unlearn. 

I regularly find that the best unlearners are people that cultivate certain characteristics within themselves that allow them to continuously adapt to changing circumstances.

Although there are many such characteristics that help the process, I believe there are really just five that make the biggest difference: curiosity, ownership, commitment, comfort with discomfort, and creating safety. 

1. Curiosity

2. Commitment - Unlearning requires commitment, because you’re going to have to do things that you’re not good at and tackle more and more difficult tasks to truly unlearn. 

3. Ownership - When you don’t get the results you’re aiming for, what’s your usual response? People who are great unlearners own the results. Because they come from a place of truth rather than ego, they want the real information to make better decisions—not to cast blame on others. 

4. Comfort with Being Uncomfortable - Discomfort comes with the territory. Great unlearners consciously go outside their comfort zone and find their edges with excellence to adapt and improve. It’s not always pleasant to go through the unlearning process, but those who persevere are far more likely to succeed and reach the payoff they’re after. 

5. Creating Safety - Start small and focus on yourself. Create safety by taking small steps, safe-to-fail experiments and creating fast feedback loops. That way you can learn what works and what doesn’t as you try new behaviors to grow your capabilities.

Barry O'Reilly, excerpt from:

https://barryoreilly.com/explore/blog/you-are-the-product-how-unlearning-can-keep-you-relevant/

学习动机与学习效率

好的学习动机应该是：具体化、长短结合，并且与自身需求相结合的。
 
具体化之后最大的好处是：你非常明白自己学习是为了什么，你应该做什么事情，以及这些事情你进展到什么阶段了。“长时间高效学习”是个没有终点的“无限”过程，具体化动机相当于给这个过程设定方向，设下路标，让我们不会迷路，能够坚持走下去。
 
与自身需求结合，是说学习动机最好与你最想要的、最需要的东西结合起来。
 “每个月阅读一本书”是一个动机，同样也是不够的，改成“每个月阅读一本书，然后发书评到豆瓣和朋友圈去接受敬仰的目光”就与需求结合了。
 
 事实上，“让自己更好”是总的目标，或者说结果。只是“让自己更好”是个无止境的过程，它大部分时候看起来太过遥远。而对普通人而言，让自己坚持下去更需要的是近在眼前的东西。其实两者并不矛盾。可能你就是为了钱去学习的，但学习之后也并不妨碍你同时变得更好。
 
提高学习效率的实用方法
 
“区间学习”的意思是——我们要为自己的学习划分时间区间。因为人不是机器，每个人能够保持专注和足够效率的时间是有一定量的。一般来说，这个区间大概在20分钟到1个小时，即便有些人天赋异禀，也很难保证连续两个小时的高效率学习。
  
不管我们学习什么知识，一定要记笔记。记笔记的作用有很多，比较主要的两点是：第一，记笔记是我们对学习内容的消化和总结过程。笔记并不是把学习内容原封不动地记录下来那么简单，而是要融入自己的思考。
  
学习一定要设定目标，不能为了学习而学习。目标最好是具体的、输出性的、成果性的。要想学习写作，你可以把目标设定为出版一本自己的书；要想学习编程，你可以把目标设定为做一个自己的网站或者软件。设定合理的目标，会让我们学起来更加有动力，更容易坚持下去，也更了解自己的学习进度和学习效果。
别再试着让自己成为全才型的庸人
 
我们一生都在不断地学习和成长，这些努力，相当于在加长我们不同撑杆的长度。但因为我们的时间是有限的，这就涉及一个选择问题：我们到底应该如何分配自己的时间和精力，以获得最优化的结果？

- 阿何，《别再用勤奋掩饰你的懒惰》，2016.

把问题简单化的“努力”

其实鸡汤文不仅对解决问题毫无帮助，而且会让受众进入一种奇怪的状态——他们每天看起来都充满正能量，非常努力，但往往缺乏分析问题和真正解决问题的能力。这些文章本质上类似于精神安慰剂，短时间内“效果出群”，过后则一切回归原样，偏偏喝汤的人还觉得自己已经状态良好。这种奇怪的状态我们姑且称为“鸡汤病”。
  
我们只要足够坚持和努力，就能够成功鸡汤文最大的罪行，就是锲而不舍地倡导这种看似正面，实则扭曲的价值观。任何一个接受过逻辑训练的人都明白：必要条件和充分条件在很多时候是不能等同的，具体到“成功”这件事，我们一般认为“坚持”和“努力”属于取得成功的必要但非充分条件。也就是说，成功往往需要坚持和努力，但坚持和努力不一定能给我们带来成功。
  
把坚持、努力和成功画上等号，本质上是试图将复杂的问题简单化。成功其实是一件非常复杂的事情，至今也没有哪种方法论敢宣称自己必然能够让人成功，这对一些尚未成功且丧失希望的人来说无疑是一件可怕的事情。鸡汤文的出现对这部分人来说是福音：他们往往渴望成功，又不愿意直面追求成功过程中必须面对的无比复杂的局面，但现在问题变得简单多了，他们只需要“努力坚持”就可以了。
  
任何一个人获得成功都不是简单的事情，这涉及能力、背景、运气、所处的环境等诸多因素。鸡汤文的做法则是把这些影响因子中“坚持和努力”的占比无限放大，几乎忽略其他因素。所以我们会看到鸡汤病患者的一个典型症状就是把失败归咎于自己不够努力，而不愿意去分析自己是否在其他方面出了问题。
  
鸡汤文的“我们只要足够坚持和努力，就能够成功”背后其实还有一层隐藏含义——我们做任何事情都是可以成功的。也就是说，失败是可以避免的，一个人失败只是因为“不够坚持和努力”。在这样的逻辑框架下，失败显然是不可接受的，因为它暗示了人在主观方面的“不努力”。但实际上在现实世界中，成功属于偶然现象，失败才是常态。
 
 一个人心智成熟的重要标志是：不缺乏追求成功的欲望和动力，并且能够以健康的心态去看待和接受失败。拒绝接受失败，其实就是拒绝接受真实的世界，拒绝接受自己。从这个角度来看，鸡汤病患者们其实都是心智不成熟的“小孩”。
 
 能够让人感觉自己可以解决任何问题，是因为鸡汤文把两个矛盾的理念融合在了一起，这样不管遇到什么情况，你总能找到一条能够说通的道理。当你失败了，想要坚持，鸡汤文会告诉你“坚持和努力必定成功”；当你失败了，不想坚持了，鸡汤文又会告诉你“放下才是获得幸福的根源”。几乎任何人面临的任何问题，都可以在鸡汤文里找到自己想要的答案。
 
鸡汤文并不会告诉我们应该怎么做，它只不过是作为一种载体，投射出我们内心深处最真实的想法。这种载体存在的意义在于为我们的行动提供了理论依据，从而让我们觉得心安理得。

- 阿何，《别再用勤奋掩饰你的懒惰》，2016.

再见，蟹笼效应！

据说篮子里的螃蟹会拉回其他想爬出来的螃蟹，但海洋动物专家还没有证实这一点，这只是一个比喻。

“蟹笼效应”向我们描述了一种现象，即不管是谁想离开他熟悉的环境，“篮子”里的同伴都会变得活跃，他们会有意识或无意识地不想让对方离开。这可能是出于嫉妒（“你不应该比我更好”），或是出于害怕失去另一个人，或是不想改变的习惯和意愿。

想要晋升的职场男女都会经历“蟹笼效应”，因为他们亲爱的同事会突然挽留他们，或者对这些升职的人评价很差，或者对其进行感情勒索。如果你想为了让自己变得更好而做出某些改变，你的朋友、亲戚或邻居就会出来阻碍你，让你内心不安或者产生质疑。而我们经常也会产生“蟹笼效应”，因为离开“篮子”时会感觉自己是“背叛者”。

你现在在哪个“蟹笼”里？是不是不想再待在里面了？你的同伴如何使你感到沮丧并阻止你向外攀爬？又是谁限制了你，让你认为自己必须待在“篮子”里？只有拥有这种意识才可能离开。

- Cordula Nussbaum，《谢谢，但今天不行》

在批评与瑕疵中成长

批评别人必然是简单的，挑别人的错也必定是容易的，只是，批评本身应该是为了提供解决方案，让这个世界变得更好，如果为了批评或者为了凸显自己的思想去批评别人，真的好讨厌哦。

不以改变结果为目的的批判，就是无效的批判。
不提供解决方案的责备，就是无用的责备。

许多人的思维就是这样，在做一件事情之前，没有破釜沉舟的决心，又什么也不肯放弃，寻找着中间选项，然后小心翼翼地前行，这样的结果就是患得患失、没尽全力。

人不思改变，又不停地发牢骚，这种弱者思维必然会禁锢他，让他故步自封，难以前行，最终困在圈里飞不出去。

我们之所以要去书写不公平，去评论这个世界的丑恶现象，是因为我们想要改变。可是，一味地责骂抱怨，其实无济于事。纸上谈兵再出色也不如带兵出征学得多，前者只是理想中的状态，而后者却是脚踏实地地行动。

懂道理的人，永远认为自己是完美的，但凡人开始行动，总会有瑕疵，可是，人就是在这样的瑕疵中成长起来的。

- 李尚龙，《你只是看起来很努力》 

语言、品格与社会规则

语言在人类心灵发展中意义非凡。作为逻辑思维的基础，语言是人们产生概念、了解不同价值观的区别的必要工具。概念产生必将涉及全体人类社会，绝非个人私事，即人们的思想感情必须是普遍适用的，才能为人理解。例如在对美的认识、理解、感受等方面，人们已经有了一种共同的认知或已经确立了一项基本审美原则，所以才会在看见美的东西时心生快乐。由此可知，跟理智、智慧、逻辑、伦理、美学类似，思维与概念也以人类社会生活为源头，并在不希望人类文明分崩离析的社会成员之间，建立了紧密的关联。

法律、图腾与禁忌、信仰、教育等所有能保障人类生存的规则，都一定要被社会生活约束，跟社会生活规则相符。究其本质，人们一般谈到的公正、正直和人们眼中价值最高的人类性格，都属于人类社会需要的品性。社会生活的各种要求，相当于人类心灵的塑造者和所有心灵活动的指导者。责任感、忠诚、坦诚、喜爱真理之类的美德，只因都跟普遍适用于社会生活的原则相符，才得以产生并延续至今。

这说明必须要站在社会立场上，才能对一种性格的优劣做出判断，因为个人性格要被人留意到，一定要先证明其具备普遍意义，在这一点上，其跟一切科学、政治、艺术成就没有区别。这就相当于以个人的社会价值大小作为标准评价此人。我们往往会用理想化形象作为标准，为具体的个人做出评价。这种理想化形象要能借助对整个社会都有帮助的方法，解决个人的种种难题，还要能将个人社会感提升到某种高度。福特·缪勒以“根据社会规则掌控人生的人”来形容这种人。要让自己符合标准，必须要在自己跟其他人之间努力建立合作关系，且必须努力掌握人类社会成员应掌握的技巧。

- 阿德勒，《洞察人性》

比努力更重要的三件事

在“努力”之外，还有太多重要因素被我们有意无意地忽略了。而在这些重要因素中，“方法论”“选择和判断”以及“积累性”是最主要的三个。
  
（a）方法论——指的是我们必须透过现象看本质，花时间研究各种不同现象背后隐藏的共同规律，并据此提炼出一套解决问题的、具有一定普适性的方法体系。
 
 方法论的核心不是思考“这样才能把一件事情完成”，而是探索“为什么通过某种方式可以把一件事情完成”。学会这样的思维习惯，能够培养我们研究世间万物运作规律的能力，带来的好处是：当同样的事情的某些因素发生变化的时候知道该如何迅速应对，以及在面对全新的问题时能思考出解决办法。
  
工作和创业都不是考试，不要说标准答案，连标准问题都没有。我们每一天都要面临新情况，需要解决新问题，同样的问题在极短时间内又会发生新的变化。这种情况，不是你单纯通过努力就能解决的。
 
（b）选择和判断——代表的是我们的预判能力，也就是在一定时间范围内，预测事态走向的一种能力。不管从事何种工作，或者只是求职，我们每天都要面临大量的“决策时期”，要做出选择。人生的所有选择汇总起来，将在很大程度上决定我们的成功概率和所能达到的高度。
 
 选择和判断能力，背后隐藏的是一个人掌握信息的广度，以及思考信息的深度。后者可以通过长时间的训练得到提高，而前者可以通过大量的阅读以及信息搜集得到改善。生活中，很多人的努力都只聚焦在一个点上，只专注于自己要做的事情，忽略了关联信息的搜集和深度思考。
  
（c）积累性，是说在一件事情上不断积累，到达足够的时间长度。

- 阿何，《别再用勤奋掩饰你的懒惰》，2016.

Why We Must Read Books

Books are vital in cultivating wisdom—not only for the truths they contain, but also for the way they help us think. In our distracted age, books give us perspective, focus, and space to reflect. Reading books—a wide variety, from different eras and places and worldviews, both fiction and nonfiction—keeps our anachronism and self-centeredness in check. They educate us, help us make connections across disciplines, and open up the world.
 
Books Help Us Connect, Explore, Think Well

When we read books, we are stepping into another’s shoes. We are entering the author’s world, giving our attention to the author’s perspective for an extended time. This last part is key. It’s hard to develop empathy when you only read a tweet by someone; but a book-length immersion in someone’s world creates the opportunity for understanding. The act of reading a book is literally the act of being “quick to listen, slow to speak.” In literary fiction, we develop empathy by getting inside characters’ minds. We may love or hate them, but to the extent that we listen to and live with them for a time, we can learn from the particularity of their existence. Research shows that literary fiction especially helps readers develop empathy—a better understanding of the complexity of what others are thinking and feeling.
We read to connect, but also to explore. Even though we technically read a book without ever physically going anywhere, we all know the feeling of how a book transports us to other places and other times.
 
There is a growing body of research that shows the powerful ways reading books—long, immersive reading in contrast to the fragmented, quick-scan reading we do online—strengthens our brains’ abilities to think well.
 
Books Confront the Noise
 
At a time when the glut, speed, and tailored-to-you nature of information is making us ever more prone to misinformation and unsound wisdom, reading books offers a powerful antidote. Books confront the “too much information” problem by focusing our attention on one thing for a longer, deeper time. They confront the “too fast” problem by forcing us to sit with one writer’s perspective for long enough to really grapple with it. Books challenge the “too focused on me” problem by putting us in another’s shoes.
 
Books give us solid grounding at a time when everything is up for grabs. They offer rubrics to better evaluate the barrage of information we face in today’s world. In a world of snapshots and soundbites, books offer fuller context, and as Andy Crouch writes, “generally speaking, the older the book, the deeper the context.”
 
Books Help us to Change
 
But reading is not merely a defensive act. To read and learn well we must also be teachable, willing to let our guard down enough to be impressionable (but not gullible). When we open a book we should be ready to be changed, open to being convinced, eager to learn something we didn’t know. If you think you know everything, you’ll have no use for books; if you are humble and curious (key foundations for a life of wisdom), you’ll devour them.
 
This is a key, yet countercultural, aspect of reading well. We live in a “death of expertise” world, after all. Our prevailing hermeneutic is suspicion. We are more comfortable proclaiming ourselves experts than we are being swayed or influenced by others. That’s why today’s discourse is at an impasse. We’ve so emphasized “you do you” liberty that expert knowledge, educated consensus, and logic no longer matter. It’s the problem educators face when they so emphasize students “learning to think for themselves” that the teacher’s own credentials and authority to adjudicate right and wrong answers loses any force.
 

Greatest Book

Still, we must put these books in their proper place. It would be folly to build one’s wisdom diet around great books but not also the greatest book, the Bible. Without the reference point of God, the “truth” of books is relative. One reader might find a book true, while another finds it false. There can be no consensus on canon if there is no transcendent reference point for words like good, true, and beautiful. “The only guarantor of communal truth is transcendent truth,” writes David Lyle Jeffrey. “Without intellectually accountable access to the Greater Book, very many lesser, yet still very great, expressions of truth may go without understanding.”
 

- Brett McCracken, The Wisdom Pyramid:

Feeding Your Soul in a Post-Truth World, 2021

 

Discomfort of Growth

Writer Alice Walker on the discomfort of growth:

"Some periods of our growth are so confusing that we don’t even recognize that growth is happening. We may feel hostile or angry or weepy and hysterical, or we may feel depressed. It would never occur to us, unless we stumbled on a book or a person who explained to us, that we were in fact in the process of change, of actually becoming larger than we were before.

Whenever we grow, we tend to feel it, as a young seed must feel the weight and inertia of the earth as it seeks to break out of its shell on its way to becoming a plant. Often the feeling is anything but pleasant.

But what is most unpleasant is the not knowing what is happening. Those long periods when something inside ourselves seems to be waiting, holding its breath, unsure about what the next step should be... for it is in those periods that we realize that we are being prepared for the next phase of our life and that, in all probability, a new level of the personality is about to be revealed."

笔记：我的第一本人生规划手册

1.用“生命时钟”模型，认清自己的人生规划
 
你没办法好好创业成功，是因为你没有一支执行力非常强悍的团队来落地结果；如果想养一个团队，你必须有一个特别好的营利性项目，而且你得负责协同和跟进；如果你没有跟进和管控一个项目的能力，是因为你不懂统筹协调，没有相关的管理能力；如果你统筹协调的能力不好，就无法带好团队；如果你听话照做都做得一塌糊涂，那必然是你专业知识没有很好地掌握；为什么你很努力地学习专业知识却又学不会，很可能是你不知道自己的天赋优势是什么；如果自己发挥不出来自己的天赋优势，自己的童年大概率过得不怎么好。
  
在自己踏入社会工作之前，前20多年基本上是靠父母的收入来生存的；在我们结束劳动工作之后，后20多年基本上是靠自身的退休金和自身资源来生存的；而后续失去生活自理能力直到最后去世，基本上是靠自己的晚辈来照顾的。如果你父母收入不足以支撑你读完大学甚至深造，有很大概率你会早早踏入社会工作；如果你退休之后无法养活自己，那么退休后的20年你还得为自己的生计而奔波；如果你早年和孩子的关系处得不是很好，晚年在病床上也很难有善终。
 
2. 用“生命时钟”模型，理解自己的人生规划
 
当你的创业生涯规划无法开启的时候，那说明你的事业生涯还需要重修。当你的事业生涯规划无法发力的时候，那说明你的职业生涯规划没有做好积累。当你在困惑自己的职业生涯规划的时候，那说明你的学业生涯规划没有做好规划。当你在迷茫学什么专业的时候，那说明你自己都还没有想明白自己的天赋是什么。
 
3. 用“生命时钟”模型，重构自己的人生规划蓝图
 
当你开始意识到这个收入增长瓶颈问题之后就会发现，因为岗位薪酬设计和工作价值的关系，你大概率可能会被锁死在某一个范围内。如果你想要破局的话，唯一的方式就是重新学习可以承载3～10倍及以上收入的知识体系，或者切换到更高收益的行业跑道或公司。
 
4. 用“三条命”的维度思考自己的生命
 
三层死亡的意义分别是：生命意义上的生理死亡，行业意义上的社交死亡，以及被人遗忘的精神死亡。
 
5. 用角色拆分法，来分解当月任务
 
作为一个××××（角色），我想做×××（意图），并且希望在××××（时间期限）内，以××××（多少资源投入）的成本下，完成这个任务，这样我就可以得到××××（预期结果）。
 
6. 给自己留出一些空闲资源
 
正是因为你能够多留出一部分缓冲时间不去做任何事情，你的“认知带宽”才能站在全局角度思考问题，看清该做什么事情，不用做什么事情，这样才能够让你变得从容不迫。
 
7. 用“1—3—5工作法”来分类工作
 
你所要做的工作类事情无非就是三种，请记住，这时候你是一天中的工作角色。第一类事情是创造价值的工作，创作过程中不可以被他人干扰。第二类事情是你需要和他人协同互动才能推进的工作，另一方不在无法推进。第三类事情是附加值相对低的碎片任务，即使随时被打断都可以继续做的，并且有别于前两者必须你自己去做的事情，可以理解为番茄工作法。
 
一天上班的9小时的时间会被拆分成：3小时创造性任务、3小时沟通类任务，以及3小时左右的琐碎任务。当你开始用这样的分类方法量化自己的工作内容的时候，你就会知道，工作待办事项的性质是什么了。
 
8. 用“乐高积木法”来灵活安排任务
 
其实一天工作时间管理的诀窍无非就是先安排好70%的主线任务，剩下的30%灵活安排。
 
9. 如何复盘自己有没有成长
 
复盘的重要性在于，在下一次行动方案中打上补丁，优化行动方案，提升成功概率，复盘是复盘行动步骤，而不是自己的情绪。
 
10. 成人学习和学校教育的区别
 
教育理论家马尔科姆·诺尔斯（Malcolm.S.Knowles）在ASTD学习发展手册中提到的成年人学习有以下六个特点，具体如下。目标明确：学会权衡收益与代价，付出与收获。独立自主：希望独立学习，自主思考，而不是被灌输。经验学习：带入以往的经验，具有特定的思维和习惯。功利性：意识到学习的必要性时才会准备投入学习，不喜欢被强迫。任务驱动：跟工作任务相关的学习，喜欢实践性主题。问题驱动：喜欢现实的问题解决，愿意学习解决思路。
 
11. 如何反向渗透一个专业知识体系
 
当你开始进入这个阶段的时候，就会开始从专业知识有什么，开始慢慢转化到专业知识我会多少的排序阶段，即哪些专业知识我不用学了，因为已经融会贯通；哪些专业知识我学了，但是不知道怎么用；哪些专业知识我还不会，需要进一步学习；哪些专业知识我都不知道，需要抽出时间来学习。
 
12. 你在用哪一种交换法则来赚钱
 
出售自己的时间，换取金钱；使用自己的技术，换取金钱；整合自己的资源，换取金钱；搭建自己的平台，换取金钱。
 
13. 收入增长的第二阶段，拿技术换钱
 
“拿技术换钱”的最重要的特征就是：开始从重复性的体力换钱，切换到用脑力思考，用各种解决方案来帮助客户搞定定制化问题的方式来换钱。
 
14. 把“犯错积累”变成“试错积累”，你会信心百倍
 
何谓执行力，是理解了未来结果会怎么样之后的行动能力才叫执行力，这个能力不是效率，而是落地结果的能力。不少人误解了忙碌起来就是行动力，所以不少人犯拖延症的主要原因之一就是害怕结果犯错，所以在无限准备。
 

--- 柏永辉，《我的第一本人生规划手册》，2020.

 

高效能 ~ 连接点与点

现在观看电视节目的年轻人减少了，因为在电视上不能挑选自己想看的部分观看，也不能在自己空闲的时间快速观看，其效能太低（无法有效利用时间这种稀缺资源，是对观众宝贵时间的浪费）。将观看电视的人减少的原因归结于“节目没有意思”是不正确的。不管是电视还是网络，或是漫画、书本，都会有有趣的内容和寡然无味的内容。而且，不管是哪个领域，绝大部分内容是没有意思的。电视和网络的区别并不在此。由于电视播放不能检索，也不能由观看者任意选取想看的部分观看，其效能过于低下，才导致在高效能转型发展的未来社会难以持续下去。

做过的很多事情，将来都会互相关联

connecting the dots（连接点与点）-  意思是，最开始看起来毫无关联的相互分散的点，将来很有可能相连成线甚至面。

假设现在有两个学生都还未确定将来的去向，都在一边上学一边思考着将来的发展方向。A同学只去上自己觉得有必要的课，剩下的时间经常出去与人会面，并且买了很多书和电子书籍，利用空闲时间阅读，也积极地与打工的伙伴交流，还用赚来的钱去旅游。B则去上所有的课，没有打工，非常认真地在学习。那么，为了将来能够“connecting the dots”，取得很大成就，哪种方式更可取呢？

我们都会觉得以A的方式进行的经验投资更容易取得成果。这是因为A这种“多方尝试，探寻自己最想从事的工作”的做法在效能上要高于B。因此他可以在很短的时间内积累很多的点，将来再将这些点连接起来构成线或面，因而取得成就的可能性才会更高。如果是那些已经确定将来要从事研究工作的学生，B的方式应该更合适。

可是对于那些对未来依然感到迷茫的学生来说，B的方式恐怕很难称得上高效能了。有些人认为不把精力集中在某件事情上，没条理地同时做很多事情是低效能的，其实这是一种误解。效能与精力的集中程度并不能等同。所谓效能，衡量的指标应该是能够以多少的资源获取“自己想获得的东西”。即便在别人看来是分散的、繁多的事情，对希望通过多接触各种各样的事情，来决定将来做什么的A来说，却是他真正需要的东西。所以，他的行为与提高效能也是绝不矛盾的。

--- [日]知琳，《时间力》，2019.